Guía de recomendaciones para pacientes con diabetes mellitus y patología cardiovascular / Recommendations guide for patients with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease

Frente a los significativos y rápidos cambios en los conocimientos relacionados con la fisiopatología de la diabetes mellitus (DM) y los mecanismos involucrados en el desarrollo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) por un lado y, por otro, frente al desarrollo de diferentes fármacos con inesperados efectos a nivel cardiovascular, nos propusimos desarrollar un consenso actualizado entre la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología y la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes, dos sociedades con reconocida trayectoria en la confección de guías y consensos que, en última instancia, tienen el objetivo de brindar un material actualizado y práctico para el manejo de los pacientes que presentan DM y ECV. Si bien nuestra tarea conjunta había comenzado hace tiempo atrás, este Consenso sale a la luz en medio de una de las peores crisis sanitarias a nivel mundial con el surgimiento del SARS-CoV2 y su manifestación clínica, la COVID-19.

Monitoreo continuo de glucosa: indicaciones, interpretación de datos y toma de decisiones terapéuticas. Recomendaciones de expertos / Continuous glucose monitoring: indications, data interpretation and making therapeutic decisions. Expert recommendations

Las herramientas para evaluar el grado de control glucémico se modificaron últimamente. La emoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), parámetro de referencia (gold standard), refleja el control glucémico de los últimos tres meses de manera retrospectiva, sin expresar la variabilidad glucémica. El automonitoreo glucémico capilar (AGC) brinda información inmediata y prospectiva, pero dispone de pocos datos glucémicos para generar promedios y desviaciones estándares representativas. No detecta tendencias y tiene limitaciones para obtener datos nocturnos o durante la actividad física. Es invasivo y muchas veces rechazado. Contrariamente, el monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) mide la glucosa instantáneamente, y muestra sus tendencias y su variabilidad en forma continua, incorporando nuevas métricas de control. Mediante el perfil ambulatorio de glucosa (PAG) se analizan los patrones del control glucémico durante el sueño, los ayunos prolongados, la actividad física y las intercurrencias, expresándolos como curvas con sus desviaciones estándar durante períodos de horas (8 a 24 horas) o días (7, 14, 30 y 90 días). El PAG contiene las siguientes métricas: porcentaje de tiempo en rango TIR (del inglés, time in range), porcentaje de tiempo por encima del rango TAR (del inglés, time above range), porcentaje de tiempo por debajo del rango o hipoglucemia TBR (del inglés, time below range) y coeficiente de variabilidad (%CV). La información continua permite tomar decisiones inmediatas, ya sea con la ingesta de carbohidratos o con la aplicación de insulina. El MCG con terapéuticas insulínicas inyectables (TII) o bomba portable de insulina (BPI) es una herramienta muy útil y complementaria para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) y la DM2 en la insulinoterapia. Su utilización se asoció con descensos significativos en la HbA1c, disminución de la variabilidad glucémica, reducción de las hipoglucemias totales y nocturnas, y mejoría de la calidad de vida en estos pacientes. Nuestro propósito como grupo de expertos es generar una guía práctica para regular la implementación del MCG.

The tools to assess the degree of glycemic control were modified lately. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the gold standard, reflects the glycemic control of the last 3 months retrospectively, without expressing glycemic variability. Selfblood glucose monitoring (SBGM) provides immediate and prospective information, but has little glycemic data to generate representative averages and standard deviations. It does not detect trends and has limitations to obtain nocturnal data or during physical activity. It is invasive and often rejected. On the contrary, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), allows to measure glucose instantly, shows your trends and variability continuously, incorporating new control metrics. The ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) analyzes the patterns of glycemic control during sleep, prolonged fasting, physical activity and intercurrences, expressing them as curves with their standard deviations during periods of hours (8 to 24 hours) or days (7, 14, 30 and 90 days). The AGP contains the following metrics: percentage time in range (TIR), percentage time above range mg/dl (TAR), percentage time below range or hypoglycemia (TBR) and coefficient of variation (%CV). CGM with IIT or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), is a very useful and complementary tool for the treatment of DM1 and DM2 in insulin therapy. Its use was associated with significant decreases in HbA1c, decreased glycemic variability, reduction of total and nocturnal hypoglycemia and improvement of the quality of life in these patients. Our aim as a group of experts is to generate a practical guide to regulate the implementation of the CGM.

Monitoreo continuo de glucosa: Utilidad e indicaciones / Continuous glucose monitoring. Utility and indications

Un adecuado control glucémico evita o retarda la aparición y/o evolución de las complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM). Para lograrlo es necesario adecuar las dosis de insulina en personas con DM tipo 1 o tipo 2 en insulinoterapia, por el tradicional automonitoreo de glucosa capilar (AGC) que presenta aún limitaciones para generar un registro adecuado de datos, es invasivo y tiene baja adherencia. En contraposición, los nuevos sistemas de monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) brindan una información más completa, más dinámica y con mejor tolerancia. Están constituidos por un sensor subcutáneo que informa ininterrumpidamente los niveles de glucosa del tejido celular subcutáneo y un módulo receptor que permite su lectura y almacenamiento. Los modelos de tiempo real (MCG-RT) permiten observar continuamente los datos, mientras que los sistemas intermitentes (MCG-Flash/EI) los muestran siempre y cuando se acerque el receptor al módulo sensor, generando una lectura voluntaria e intermitente, aunque almacenan todo en la memoria. El MCG informa además las tendencias glucémicas, indicando si están en ascenso o descenso y a qué velocidad cambian. El uso del MCG vs. AGC reduce la hemoglobina glicosilada (A1c) entre 0.53 y 1.0% con disminución significativa (38%) del tiempo de exposición a hipoglucemias. Presenta además, mayor adherencia. Los objetivos de esta revisión son: describir la homeostasis glucémica, evaluar la precisión del MCG, interpretar los datos adecuadamente y finalmente, sugerir en forma práctica los cambios para incorporar a la insulinoterapia tradicional, basados en la información que aportan estos novedosos sistemas de monitoreo.

An adequate glycemic control prevents and/or delays the development and/or progression of chronic complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). To achieve this control, it is necessary to adjust insulin doses, in type 1 or insulinized type 2 DM persons, based on traditional capillary glucose self-monitoring, which has limitations to generate an adequate data record, is invasive and has low adherence. In contrast, new continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems provide more complete and dynamic information, and better compliance. In these systems, a subcutaneous sensor continuously sends glucose values which are captured and stocked by a receptor module. Real-time models (CGM-RT) allow continuous and real-time readings of interstitial glucose, whereas CGM-Flash/EI systems require lector approach to sensor module performing intermittent scanning. CGM shows if glycemic levels are increasing or decreasing and how fast it is happening (tendency). CGM decreases glycosylated hemoglobin between 0.53% and 1.0%, as well as time in hypoglycemia by 38%, increasing the time in range of glucose levels, in patients with high adherence. The objectives of this review are to describe the glycemic homeostasis, to evaluate the accuracy of the CGM to interpret the data adequately and finally, based on the information provided by these novel monitoring systems, to suggest a practical way to be added to the traditional intensive insulin therapy.

[Continuous glucose monitoring. Utility and indications]. / Monitoreo continuo de glucosa. Utilidad e indicaciones.

An adequate glycemic control prevents and/or delays the development and/or progression of chronic complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). To achieve this control, it is necessary to adjust insulin doses, in type 1 or insulinized type 2 DM persons, based on traditional capillary glucose self-monitoring, which has limitations to generate an adequate data record, is invasive and has low adherence. In contrast, new continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems provide more complete and dynamic information, and better compliance. In these systems, a subcutaneous sensor continuously sends glucose values which are captured and stocked by a receptor module. Real-time models (CGMRT) allow continuous and real-time readings of interstitial glucose, whereas CGM-Flash/EI systems require lector approach to sensor module performing intermittent scanning. CGM shows if glycemic levels are increasing or decreasing and how fast it is happening (tendency). CGM decreases glycosylated hemoglobin between 0.53% and 1.0%, as well as time in hypoglycemia by 38%, increasing the time in range of glucose levels, in patients with high adherence. The objectives of this review are to describe the glycemic homeostasis, to evaluate the accuracy of the CGM to interpret the data adequately and finally, based on the information provided by these novel monitoring systems, to suggest a practical way to be added to the traditional intensive insulin therapy.

[Efficacy and safety of IdegLira for the intensification of type 2 diabetes treatment]. / Eficacia y seguridad de IdegLira para la intensificación del tratamiento en la diabetes tipo 2.

Diabetes mellitus is a true pandemic; type 2 diabetes in particular, with its progressive nature, constitutes a serious health problem. Despite advances and innovations in treatment, it continues to generate high morbidity and mortality. Many patients do not achieve their metabolic control objectives, due to clinical inertia, fear of hypoglycaemia, weight gain, the complexity of the treatment and the lack of adherence to it. Recently, the clinical results of the combined use of basal insulin and agonist receptor of the glucagon-like peptide type 1 (AR-GLP1) have been successfully evaluated. Therefore, the combined use of a basal insulin (insulin degludec) with an AR-GLP1 (liraglutide), in a single device (IdegLira), is proposed as an effective and safe therapeutic alternative for the treatment intensification in people with type 2 diabetes. IdegLira has shown greater reductions in HbA1c compared to its individual components, with a low risk of hypoglycaemia and weight loss, both in insulin naïve patients and in those previously insulinized. In this review we describe the pharmacology, the rational of the combination and the most relevant clinical evidence on IdegLira safety and efficacy.

Eficacia y seguridad de IdegLira para la intensificación del tratamiento en la diabetes tipo 2 / Efficacy and safety of IdegLira for the intensification of type 2 diabetes treatment

La diabetes mellitus es una verdadera pandemia; la diabetes tipo 2 en particular, con su carácter progresivo, constituye un grave problema de salud. A pesar de los avances e innovaciones en el tratamiento, continúa generando una alta morbimortalidad, debido a que muchos pacientes no logran los objetivos de control metabólicos, entre otras causas por la inercia clínica, el temor a la hipoglucemia, el aumento de peso, la complejidad del tratamiento y la falta de adherencia al mismo. En el último tiempo, se ha evaluado con éxito los resultados clínicos del uso combinado de insulina basal y agonistas del receptor del péptido similar al glucagón tipo 1 (AR-GLP1). Se propone, por lo tanto, el uso combinado de una insulina basal (insulina degludec) con un AR-GLP1 (liraglutida), en un único dispositivo (IdegLira), como una alternativa terapéutica eficaz y segura para la intensificación del tratamiento de las personas con diabetes tipo 2. IdegLira ha demostrado mayores reducciones de HbA1c comparado con sus componentes individuales, con un bajo riesgo de hipoglucemia y pérdida de peso, tanto en pacientes naive de insulina como en aquellos previamente insulinizados. En esta revisión se describe la farmacología, el racional de la combinación y la evidencia clínica relevante de la seguridad y eficacia de IdegLira.

Diabetes mellitus is a true pandemic; type 2 diabetes in particular, with its progressive nature, constitutes a serious health problem. Despite advances and innovations in treatment, it continues to generate high morbidity and mortality.Many patients do not achieve their metabolic control objectives, due to clinical inertia, fear of hypoglycaemia, weight gain, the complexity of the treatment and the lack of adherence to it. Recently, the clinical results of the combined use of basal insulin and agonist receptor of the glucagon-like peptide type 1 (AR-GLP1) have been successfully evaluated. Therefore, the combined use of a basal insulin (insulin degludec) with an AR-GLP1 (liraglutide), in a single device (IdegLira), is proposed as an effective and safe therapeutic alternative for the treatment intensification in people with type 2 diabetes. IdegLira has shown greater reductions in HbA1c compared to its individual components, with a low risk of hypoglycaemia and weight loss, both in insulin naïve patients and in those previously insulinized. In this review we describe the pharmacology, the rational of the combination and the most relevant clinical evidence on IdegLira safety and efficacy.

[Insulin therapy in special conditions]. / Insulinoterapia en situaciones especiales.

Hyperglycemia during hospitalization is a common condition associated with poor prognosis. To date, insulin is the best strategy to treat hyperglycemia in these patients. An adequate glycemic control is associated with better clinical results. Nevertheless, glycemic goals are still controversial due to the increase of hypoglycemia and other adverse events. Diabetes mellitus is still the main cause of chronic renal failure in our country and its treatment deserves a special analysis considering that insulin pharmacokinetics is altered. Recommendations in this setting are based in expert panel opinions, focusing mainly in intermediate or long acting insulins combined with regular insulin and/or rapid acting analogues. During pregnancy, NPH and regular insulin are safe and effective. It is worth mentioning that the development of new long and rapid acting molecules yielded lower glycemic variability, better post-prandial control and less hypoglycemia. The aim of this study is to provide a review of the proper use of insulin in these special conditions.

Insulinoterapia en situaciones especiales / Insulin therapy in special conditions

La hiperglucemia durante la internación es una condición frecuente que se asocia al aumento de complicaciones y resulta en un mal pronóstico para quienes la padecen. La estrategia para su tratamiento es la insulinoterapia. Un adecuado control glucémico se asocia a mejor evolución y pronóstico. Sin embargo, el nivel adecuado de glucemia se encuentra aún en debate, ya que aquellos ensayos en los cuales se fijaron metas estrictas demostraron incrementar las tasas de hipoglucemia y eventos clínicos adversos. La diabetes mellitus es la principal causa de enfermedad renal crónica en nuestro país. El tratamiento en ese contexto merece un análisis especial, ya que la vida media de la insulina puede resultar prolongada. Las opciones de insulinización en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica e insuficiencia asociada provienen de recomendaciones de expertos en las cuales se jerarquizan esquemas que utilizan insulina de acción intermedia o prolongada asociadas a insulina regular o análogos de acción rápida. Durante el embarazo, las insulinas NPH y regular han demostrado seguridad y eficacia. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de nuevas moléculas de acción lenta y rápida permitió reducir la variabilidad glucémica, mejorar el control de la glucemia postprandial y reducir la tasa de hipoglucemias. El objetivo del presente trabajo es proporcionar una revisión sobre el adecuado uso de insulina en estas tres situaciones especiales.

Hyperglycemia during hospitalization is a common condition associated with poor prognosis. To date, insulin is the best strategy to treat hyperglycemia in these patients. An adequate glycemic control is associated with better clinical results. Nevertheless, glycemic goals are still controversial due to the increase of hypoglycemia and other adverse events. Diabetes mellitus is still the main cause of chronic renal failure in our country and its treatment deserves a special analysis considering that insulin pharmacokinetics is altered. Recommendations in this setting are based in expert panel opinions, focusing mainly in intermediate or long acting insulins combined with regular insulin and/or rapid acting analogues. During pregnancy, NPH and regular insulin are safe and effective. It is worth mentioning that the development of new long and rapid acting molecules yielded lower glycemic variability, better post-prandial control and less hypoglycemia. The aim of this study is to provide a review of the proper use of insulin in these special conditions.

[Insulinization in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intensification options]. / Insulinización en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Alternativas de intensificación.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular complications and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Timely insulin therapy, intensified when necessary, represent appropriate measures to prevent or delay the onset of complications. However, the incidence of hypoglycemia and difficulties in treatment adherence represent barriers to achieve therapeutic success. Premixes analogs and, specially, combinations of insulin analogues are associated with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages, that translate into clinical benefits such as improved metabolic control, decreased hypoglycemic events and, for their simplicity, potentially greater adherence.

Insulinización en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: Alternativas de intensificación / Insulinization in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intensification options

La diabetes mellitus se asocia con complicaciones vasculares y elevadas tasas de morbimortalidad. La terapia oportuna con insulina y su intensificación cuando es necesaria, representan estrategias apropiadas para evitar o retardar la aparición de dichas complicaciones. Sin embargo, la incidencia de hipoglucemia y las dificultades en la adherencia al tratamiento representan barreras para alcanzar el éxito terapéutico. Las nuevas combinaciones de análogos de insulina constituyen tratamientos que presentarían ventajas farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas, logrando beneficios clínicos tales como un mejor control metabólico, la disminución de eventos hipoglucémicos y, por su simplicidad, potencialmente una mayor adherencia al tratamiento.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular complications and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Timely insulin therapy, intensified when necessary, represent appropriate measures to prevent or delay the onset of complications. However, the incidence of hypoglycemia and difficulties in treatment adherence represent barriers to achieve therapeutic success. Premixes analogs and, specially, combinations of insulin analogues are associated with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages, that translate into clinical benefits such as improved metabolic control, decreased hypoglycemic events and, for their simplicity, potentially greater adherence.

[Therapeutic compliance and flexibility in the use of basal insulins]. / Adherencia terapéutica y flexibilidad en el uso de insulinas basales.

Since 1921, the benefits achieved by insulin therapy research have been constant. However, the fear of a hypoglycemia incidence and rigid time schedules of insulin therapy still interfere with treatment adherence, which is essential to achieve optimal glycemic control and minimize complications in diabetic patients. The possibility of using an ultra long- acting insulin analogue (degludec), which has an extensive and predictable pharmacokinetic profile over 24 hours, is analyzed in this context. Clinical trials have shown that this ultra long-acting insulin analogue administered in a flexible dosage treatment, reached a good glycaemic control with no increase on hypoglycemia risk. Although to follow a predefined plan in clinical practice is recommended, the possibility of flexibility in day to day dosage timing of this specific insulin analogue on requirement, could improve adherence in patients with a non-predictable and active social life and workday.

Adherencia terapéutica y flexibilidad en el uso de las insulinas basales

Desde 1921, los beneficios alcanzados por las investigaciones sobre insulinoterapia han sido constantes. Sin embargo, el temor a las hipoglucemias y la rigidez horaria para administrar la insulina aún interfieren sobre la adherencia al tratamiento, que es esencial para lograr un buen control de la glucemia y minimizar las complicaciones en los pacientes con diabetes. En este contexto, se analiza la posibilidad de utilizar un análogo de insulina ultra-lento (degludec) que posee un perfil farmacocinético prolongado y predecible por más de 24 horas. En ensayos clínicos demostró que, al administrarlo en un esquema de dosis flexible mantiene un buen control de la glucemia, sin que aumente el riesgo de hipoglucemias. Si bien en la práctica clínica es aconsejable seguir un plan establecido, la posibilidad de flexibilizar el horario en la aplicación diaria del análogo ultra-lento en caso de ser necesario, podría mejorar la adherencia en pacientes con una vida social y laboral activa y poco previsible.

Since 1921, the benefits achieved by insulin therapy research have been constant. However, the fear of a hypoglycemia incidence and rigid time schedules of insulin therapy still interfere with treatment adherence, which is essential to achieve optimal glycemic control and minimize complications in diabetic patients. The possibility of using an ultra long-acting insulin analogue (degludec), which has an extensive and predictable pharmacokinetic profile over 24 hours, is analyzed in this context. Clinical trials have shown that this ultra long-acting insulin analogue administered in a flexible dosage treatment, reached a good glycaemic control with no increase on hypoglycemia risk. Although to follow a predefined plan in clinical practice is recommended, the possibility of flexibility in day to day dosage timing of this specific insulin analogue on requirement, could improve adherence in patients with a non-predictable and active social life and workday.

Adherencia terapéutica y flexibilidad en el uso de las insulinas basales

Desde 1921, los beneficios alcanzados por las investigaciones sobre insulinoterapia han sido constantes. Sin embargo, el temor a las hipoglucemias y la rigidez horaria para administrar la insulina aún interfieren sobre la adherencia al tratamiento, que es esencial para lograr un buen control de la glucemia y minimizar las complicaciones en los pacientes con diabetes. En este contexto, se analiza la posibilidad de utilizar un análogo de insulina ultra-lento (degludec) que posee un perfil farmacocinético prolongado y predecible por más de 24 horas. En ensayos clínicos demostró que, al administrarlo en un esquema de dosis flexible mantiene un buen control de la glucemia, sin que aumente el riesgo de hipoglucemias. Si bien en la práctica clínica es aconsejable seguir un plan establecido, la posibilidad de flexibilizar el horario en la aplicación diaria del análogo ultra-lento en caso de ser necesario, podría mejorar la adherencia en pacientes con una vida social y laboral activa y poco previsible.(AU)

Since 1921, the benefits achieved by insulin therapy research have been constant. However, the fear of a hypoglycemia incidence and rigid time schedules of insulin therapy still interfere with treatment adherence, which is essential to achieve optimal glycemic control and minimize complications in diabetic patients. The possibility of using an ultra long-acting insulin analogue (degludec), which has an extensive and predictable pharmacokinetic profile over 24 hours, is analyzed in this context. Clinical trials have shown that this ultra long-acting insulin analogue administered in a flexible dosage treatment, reached a good glycaemic control with no increase on hypoglycemia risk. Although to follow a predefined plan in clinical practice is recommended, the possibility of flexibility in day to day dosage timing of this specific insulin analogue on requirement, could improve adherence in patients with a non-predictable and active social life and workday.(AU)

Skin fibroblasts from patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) can be chemically transdifferentiated into insulin-expressing clusters: a transgene-free approach.

The conversion of differentiated cells into insulin-producing cells is a promising approach for the autologous replacement of pancreatic cells in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). At present, cellular reprogramming strategies encompass ethical problems, epigenetic failure or teratoma formation, which has prompted the development of new approaches. Here, we report a novel technique for the conversion of skin fibroblasts from T1D patients into insulin-expressing clusters using only drug-based induction. Our results demonstrate that skin fibroblasts from diabetic patients have pancreatic differentiation capacities and avoid the necessity of using transgenic strategies, stem cell sources or global demethylation steps. These findings open new possibilities for studying diabetes mechanisms, drug screenings and ultimately autologous transgenic-free regenerative medicine therapies in patients with T1D.

Adherencia terapéutica y flexibilidad en el uso de insulinas basales. / [Therapeutic compliance and flexibility in the use of basal insulins].

Since 1921, the benefits achieved by insulin therapy research have been constant. However, the fear of a hypoglycemia incidence and rigid time schedules of insulin therapy still interfere with treatment adherence, which is essential to achieve optimal glycemic control and minimize complications in diabetic patients. The possibility of using an ultra long- acting insulin analogue (degludec), which has an extensive and predictable pharmacokinetic profile over 24 hours, is analyzed in this context. Clinical trials have shown that this ultra long-acting insulin analogue administered in a flexible dosage treatment, reached a good glycaemic control with no increase on hypoglycemia risk. Although to follow a predefined plan in clinical practice is recommended, the possibility of flexibility in day to day dosage timing of this specific insulin analogue on requirement, could improve adherence in patients with a non-predictable and active social life and workday.

Actualización de cirugía bariátrica y cirugía metabólica / Update of bariatric surgery anda metabolic surgery

La obesidad aumenta el riesgo de desarrollar o agravar múltiples afecciones particularmente la diabetes tipo 2, una enfermedad crónica de difícil control cuyo tratamiento con distintos fármacos y aún con insulina, frecuentemente no alcanza los objetivos terapéuticos ni reduce el riesgo cardiovascular. Cuando se asocia a obesidad severa, su terapéutica se torna más compleja. Se analiza la utilización de cirugía bariátrica y metabólica en pacientes con obesidad severa y diabetes, se revisan las técnicas quirúrgicas, las hipótesis sobre su mecanismo de acción, la selección de pacientes y los resultados. La cirugíabariátrica ha probado ser efectiva en el tratamiento de la obesidad severa y de la DM2 en pacientes con IMC >35 kg/m2. Es una cirugía de aceptable tolerancia en personas preparadas, de bajo riesgo y con complicaciones subsanables y manejables en la actualidad. La cirugía bariátrica dispone de suficiente respaldo científico. En cambio, en las evidencias disponibles de la cirugía metabólica en pacientes con IMC <35 kg/m2 y más aún con IMC <30 kg/m2 existen resultados promisorios en el corto y mediano plazo, pero no se dispone aún de evidencia suficiente que avale su indicación. Se requieren más investigaciones para establecer la eficacia y seguridad de estas técnicas quirúrgicas en el largo plazo.

Actualización de cirugía bariátrica y cirugía metabólica / Update of bariatric surgery anda metabolic surgery

La obesidad aumenta el riesgo de desarrollar o agravar múltiples afecciones particularmente la diabetes tipo 2, una enfermedad crónica de difícil control cuyo tratamiento con distintos fármacos y aún con insulina, frecuentemente no alcanza los objetivos terapéuticos ni reduce el riesgo cardiovascular. Cuando se asocia a obesidad severa, su terapéutica se torna más compleja. Se analiza la utilización de cirugía bariátrica y metabólica en pacientes con obesidad severa y diabetes, se revisan las técnicas quirúrgicas, las hipótesis sobre su mecanismo de acción, la selección de pacientes y los resultados. La cirugíabariátrica ha probado ser efectiva en el tratamiento de la obesidad severa y de la DM2 en pacientes con IMC >35 kg/m2. Es una cirugía de aceptable tolerancia en personas preparadas, de bajo riesgo y con complicaciones subsanables y manejables en la actualidad. La cirugía bariátrica dispone de suficiente respaldo científico. En cambio, en las evidencias disponibles de la cirugía metabólica en pacientes con IMC <35 kg/m2 y más aún con IMC <30 kg/m2 existen resultados promisorios en el corto y mediano plazo, pero no se dispone aún de evidencia suficiente que avale su indicación. Se requieren más investigaciones para establecer la eficacia y seguridad de estas técnicas quirúrgicas en el largo plazo. (AU)

Endocrine and inflammatory profiles in type 2 diabetic patients with and without major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: There is a high prevalence of depression in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Depressive disorders are associated with increased medical morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes. It has been demonstrated that there is a higher prevalence of diabetic complications among individuals with diabetes and depression compared to those without depression. Several biological alterations have been reported in individuals with depressive disorders, particularly abnormal levels of endocrine-inflammatory markers.This study aims to determine the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in type 2 diabetes patients, the prevalence of cardiovascular events in individuals with and without MDD and to compare the endocrine-inflammatory profile between groups. METHODS: The study was approved by the "Comité de Etica de Protocolos de Investigación del Departamento de Docencia e Investigación del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires" with the number "1262" and included only patients who provided written informed consent. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Habeas Data law on protection of personal data (Law Nª 25326, Argentina).Type 2 diabetes patients (n = 61) were included and they were classified as having MDD or not according to DSM-IV. Macrovascular disease was obtained from the medical history. Additionally, the intima-media thickness of the common carotid, carotid bifurcations and internal carotid arteries was measured non-invasively by two-dimensional ultrasound imaging. Fasting glucose, fasting lipid profile, inflammatory (CRP, TNF-α) and endocrine (urine free cortisol and saliva cortisol) markers. Student t tests were used to compare means for normally distributed variables and Mann-Whitney test for variables without normal distribution. Relative frequencies were calculated and a chi-square analysis was conducted. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relative odds of clinical cardiovascular disease in individuals with compared to those without depression. Differences were considered significant using a two-sided p < 0.05. RESULTS: 21 patients (34%) had MDD and 40 patients (66%) didn't have MDD. Diabetic patients with MDD had significantly higher CRP levels (4.1(1.9-7.6) vs 1.5(0.5-4.4) mg/l; p = 0.02) and 24-hour urine free cortisol (71.4 ± 21.3 vs 59.8 ± 29.3 ug/24 h; p = 0.03). The other metabolic and inflammatory parameters were not statistically different between groups. There was a significantly higher prevalence of cardiovascular events in individuals with MDD: 38% for the depressive group vs 15% for non-depressive group, p = 0.04). Patients with MDD had a 3.5-fold greater odd of having cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients with depression are more likely to have cardiovascular events, and different factors can determine this high association.